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10.1245/ASO.2006.04.020
Annals of Surgical Oncology 13:692-700 (2006)
© 2006 Society of Surgical Oncology
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Original Article

99mTc–Evans Blue Dye for Mapping Contiguous Lymph Node Sequences and Discriminating the Sentinel Lymph Node in an Ovine Model

Chris Tsopelas, PhD1, Elaine Bevington, MB, BS2, James Kollias, MB, BS2, Sabah Shibli, MB, BS2, Gelareh Farshid, MB, BS3, Brendon Coventry, MB, BS, PhD4 and Barry E. Chatterton, MB, BS1

1 Nuclear Medicine Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
2 Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
3 Tissue Pathology Section, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
4 Department of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia

Correspondence: Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Chris Tsopelas, PhD; E-mail: ctsopela{at}mail.rah.sa.gov.au.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of 99mTc–Evans blue for discriminating the sentinel lymph node in multitiered lymph node sequences by using an ovine model. 99mTc–Evans blue is an agent that has both radioactive and color signals in a single dose. Previous studies in smaller animal models suggested that this agent could have advantages over the dual-injection technique of radiocolloid/blue dye.

Methods: Doses of 99mTc–Evans blue (~ 21 MBq) containing Evans blue dye (approximately 4 mg) were administered to the hind limbs or fore limbs of sheep to map the lymphatic drainage patterns, validate its ability to identify the sentinel lymph node, and examine the reproducibility of the technique. The study protocol was repeated with 99mTc–antimony tri-sulfide colloid and Patent Blue V dye. After the operative exposure, lymph nodes were identified with the gamma probe and then excised and analyzed for radioactivity (percentage of injected dose) and blue color.

Results: After the administration of 99mTc–Evans blue, all lymph nodes harvested (35 of 35) in either short chains or long basins were hot and blue. The sentinel lymph nodes concentrated more radioactivity than the second-tier nodes to the extent of 2:1 to 215:1. For radiocolloid/Patent Blue V, the ratios were lower, at 2:1 to 3:1.

Conclusions: 99mTc–Evans blue was found to better discriminate the sentinel lymph node than 99mTc–antimony trisulfide colloid/Patent Blue V in variable multitier lymph node anatomy, and it is an agent that promises to have positive clinical applications.

Key Words: Radioactive blue dye • Evans blue • Lymphoscintigraphy • Sentinel lymph node • Multitier nodes • Sheep






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